The idea that autism is linked to an "extreme male brain" has been a topic of debate for over two decades. While Professor Simon Baron-Cohen's pioneering work in this area has contributed significantly to our understanding of the condition, he now regrets using language that has led to misunderstandings and oversimplification.
Speaking ahead of a major donation to Cambridge University from US philanthropist Lisa Yang, Professor Baron-Cohen acknowledged that his earlier terminology, including 'male brain' and 'female brain', has caused more harm than good. He clarified that the underlying scientific principles behind his work on systemising versus empathising are still relevant, but the way these concepts have been communicated has often resulted in headlines like "autistic people lack empathy" – a notion he strongly disputes.
The £26 million donation will establish the K Lisa Yang Centre for Autism Research at Cambridge, alongside a clinical autism centre within the future Cambridge children's hospital. Professor Baron-Cohen will oversee both initiatives, which aim to tackle key areas identified in consultation with the autistic community, including improving life expectancy and health outcomes, earlier diagnosis, and enhancing quality of life.
One critical area of focus for the new research is the often-overlooked physical health of autistic people. Despite autism being primarily associated with the mind and brain, individuals with the condition tend to have a shorter life expectancy. Recent findings from Professor Baron-Cohen's team suggest that autistic women are at a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease – 71% higher than non-autistic women, even after accounting for known risk factors like blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity. This research is based on data from 141,672 individuals.
Professor Baron-Cohen notes that exploring the link between autism and cardiovascular disease was not initially part of his research agenda 20 years ago but emerged as a priority through discussions with the autistic community. Potential reasons for this association include difficulties in accessing NHS services, lifestyle factors, or genetic predispositions. The centre also plans to investigate the physical health experiences of autistic women, including childbirth and menstrual-related distress, which some previous research suggests may be more prevalent.
This shift in research focus reflects an evolving dialogue with the autistic community, directing attention to previously neglected aspects of autistic health and well-being. Professor Baron-Cohen has faced criticism from the autistic community regarding his 'extreme male brain' theory, which some felt was dismissive of their experiences.