The notion of humanoid robots joining armed forces on the battlefield is no longer confined to science fiction, but is now being seriously explored by militaries around the world. In San Francisco, US-based start-up Foundation Robotics is pioneering the development of humanoid robots for defence purposes with its 'Phantom' robot project.
At its core, Phantom aims to fill support roles and – more contentious still – engage in combat. Current models like the Phantom MK-1 are far from advanced, lacking essential features such as a reliable power source, environmental resilience, and self-recovery capabilities after falls. Furthermore, its hands struggle with both strength and dexterity. However, Foundation Robotics' CEO Sankaet Pathak envisions a second-generation Phantom MK-2 boasting improved specs: six hours of battery life, enhanced durability against the elements, and more dexterous hands capable of manipulating objects – potentially even firing weapons.
Proponents argue that deploying armed robots could safeguard human lives by taking on high-risk tasks like clearing buildings or recovering personnel from hazardous zones. They also propose land-based autonomous systems could be more precise than aerial strikes, reducing collateral damage. Foundation Robotics anticipates producing tens of thousands of these robots annually by late 2027 at a cost under £15,000 each, backed by £18 million in research contracts with the US military and trials involving two units being conducted by the Ukrainian military – including weaponisation tests.
The development of such technology raises profound ethical questions about autonomous warfare. While supporters advocate for human soldier protection, critics worry about accountability, escalation potential, and moral implications of entrusting machines with life-or-death decisions. Robozaps' Dean Fankhauser acknowledges the military's interest in humanoid robots, citing a current US Army contest focused on support robotics.
A global robotics and AI arms race is underway, with Pathak highlighting China's pursuit of similar technologies as a driver for Western development. He foresees a future where vast numbers of AI-driven humanoid robots could form ground forces, mirroring the increasing use of autonomous drones in air combat – a prospect that suggests a fundamental shift in military strategy and conflict dynamics.
The UK faces a complex challenge as it balances its position as a leader in defence technology with its commitment to international humanitarian law. This development will undoubtedly prompt the nation's policymakers to reassess their stance on autonomous warfare, considering not only the potential benefits but also the profound implications for human rights and accountability.